Table of Contents

Volume I

Part 1: Histories

1. Max Weber, ‘Politics as a Vacation’, in H. Gerth and C. W. Mills (eds.), From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology (New York: Oxford University Press 1921, 1946), pp. 96–9.

2. Jurgen Habermas, ‘The Public Sphere: An Encyclopedia Article’, New German Critique, 3 Fall 1974, pp. 49–55.

3. Warren G. Bovee, ‘Journalism Rediscovered’, Discovering Journalism (Westport, CN: Greenwood Press 1999), pp. 15–36.

4. Michael Schudson, ‘The Revolution in American Journalism in the Age of Egalitarianism: The Penny Press’, Discovering the News (New York: Basic Books, Inc., 1978), pp. 12–31.

5. George Boyce, ‘The Fourth Estate: The Reappraisal of a Concept’ in G. Boyce, J. Curran, and P. Wingate (eds.), Newspaper History from the Seventeenth Century to the Present Day (London: Constable, 1978), pp. 19–40.

6. Jim W. Carey, ‘The Problem of Journalism History’, Journalism History, 1(1), 1974, pp. 3–5, 27.

7. Jean K. Chalaby, ‘Journalism as an Anglo-American Invention’, European Journal of Communication, 11(3), 1996, pp. 303–26.

8. Hanno Hardt, ‘Newsworkers, Technology and Journalism History’, Critical Studies in Mass Communication, 7, 1990, pp. 346–65.

9. Daniel C. Hallin, ‘The American News Media’, We Keep America on Top of the World (London: Routledge, 1994), pp. 18–39.

10. Linda Steiner, ‘The "Gender Matters" Debate in Journalism: Lessons From the Front’, in S. Allan (ed.), Journalism: Critical Issues (Maidenhead: Open University Press, 2005), pp. 42–53.

11. Henrik Örnebring and Anna Maria Jönsson, ‘Tabloid Journalism and the Public Sphere: A Historical Perspective on Tabloid Journalism’, Journalism Studies, 5(3), 2004, pp. 283–95.

Part 2: Definitions

12. Walter Lippman, Public Opinion (New York: Free Press, 1965), pp. 338–57.

13. Robert E. Park, ‘News as a Form of Knowledge: A Chapter in the Sociology of Knowledge’, American Journal of Sociology, 45, 1940, pp. 669–86.

14. Helen M. Hughes, News and the Human Interest Story (Chicago: University of Chicago Press), pp. 1–29.

15. Walter Geiber, ‘News is what Newspapermen Make it’, in L. A. Dexter and D. M. White (eds.), People, Society, and Mass Communications (New York: Free Press, 1964), pp. 171–82.

16. H. Molotoch and Marilyn Lester, ‘News as Purposive Behavior’, American Sociological Review, 39(6), 1974, pp. 101–12.

Part 3: Socialization and the Newsroom

17. Warren Breed, ‘Social Control in the Newsroom: A Functional Analysis’, Social Forces, 33, 1955, pp. 326–35.

18. Charles R. Bantz, ‘News Organisations: Conflict as a Crafted Cultural Norm’, Communication, 8, 1985, pp. 225–44.

19. Gaye Tuchman, ‘Making News by Doing Work: Routinizing the Unexpected’, American Journal of Sociology, 79, 1, 1973, pp. 110–31.

20. Lee Sigelman, ‘Reporting the News: An Organizational Analysis’, American Journal of Sociology, 79, 1, 1973, pp. 132–51.

21. Philip Schlesinger, ‘A Stop Watch Culture’, Putting ‘Reality’ Together (London: Methuen, 1978), pp. 83–105.

Volume II

Part 4: Theories and Models

22. Fred Siebert, Theodore Peterson, and Wilbur Schram, Four Theories of the Press (Urbana: University of Illinois Press 1956), pp. 1–7.

23. John Merrill and John Nerone, ‘The Four Theories of the Press Four and a Half Decades Later: A Retrospective’, Journalism Studies, 3(1), 2002, pp. 133–6.

24. Daniel Hallin and Paolo Mancini, ‘Comparing Media Systems’, in J. Curran and M. Gurevich (eds.), Mass Media and Society, 4th edn. (London: Hodder Arnold, 2005), pp. 215–33.

25. David M., ‘The "Gatekeeper": A Case Study in the Selection of News’, Journalism Quarterly, 27, 1950, pp. 383–90.

26. Morris Janowitz, ‘Professional Models in Journalism: The Gatekeeper and the Advocate’, Journalism Quarterly, 5, 1975, pp. 618–26, 662.

27. Michael Schudson, ‘Four Approaches to the Sociology of News’, in J. Curran and M. Gurevich (eds.), Mass Media and Society, 4th edn. (London: Hodder Arnold, 2005), pp. 172–97.

28. Edward S. Herman and Noam Chomsky, ‘A Propaganda Model’, Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media (London Vintage, 1988), pp. 1–35.

29. John H. McManus, ‘The Nature of News Reconsidered’, Market Driven Journalism: Let the Citizen Beware (Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage, 1994), pp. 17–39.

30. Rodney Benson, ‘Field Theory in Comparative Context: A New Paradigm for Media Studies’, Theory and Society, 28(3), 1999, pp. 463–98.

31. Todd Gitlin, ‘Media Routines and Political Crises’, The Whole World is Watching: Mass Media in the Making and the Unmaking of the New Left (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980), pp. 249–282.

32. Barbie Zelizer, ‘Has Communication Explained Journalism?’, Journal of Communication, 43(4), 1993, pp. 80–6.

33. Maxwell E. McCombs and Donald L. Shaw, ‘The Agenda-Setting Function of Mass Media’, Public Opinion Quarterly, 36(2), 1972, pp. 176–87.

34. Robert M. Entman, ‘Framing: Toward Clarification of a Fractured Paradigm’, Journal of Communication 43(4), 1993, pp. 51–8.

35. Colin Sparks, ‘Popular Journalism: Theories and Practice’, in P. Dahlgren and C. Sparks (eds.), Journalism and Popular Culture (London: Sage, 1992), pp. 24–44.

36. Hemant Shah, ‘Modernization, Marginalization, and Emancipation: Toward a Normative Model of Journalism and National Development’, Communication Theory, 6(2), 1996, pp. 143–66.

37. Theodore Glasser, ‘The Idea of Public Journalism’, in T. Glasser (ed.), The Idea of Public Journalism (New York: Guilford Press 1999), pp. 3–18.

Part 5: Journalist—Source Models

38. Leon V. Sigal, ‘Channels and Sources of News’, Reporters and Officials: The Organisation & Politics of Newsmaking (Lexington, Mass.: D. C. Heath, 1973), pp. 119–30.

39. Herbert Gans, ‘The Organization of Story Selection’, Deciding What’s News (New York: Pantheon, 1979), pp. 235–248.

40. Stuart Hall, Chas Critcher, Tony Jefferson, John Clarke, and Brian Roberts, ‘The Social Production of News’, Policing the Crisis (London: Macmillan, 1978), pp. 53–60.

41. Philip Schlesinger and Howard Tumber, ‘News Sources and News Media’, Reporting Crime: The Media Politics of Criminal Justice (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994), pp. 14–34.

42. Richard V. Ericson, Patricia M. Baranek, and Janet B. L. Chan, ‘Negotiating the News’, Negotiating Control: A Study of News Sources (Milton Keynes: Open University Press, 1989), pp. 5–12.

43. Daniel Hallin, ‘The "Uncensored War", 1965–1967’, The ‘Uncensored War’: The Media and Vietnam (Berkeley, Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1986), pp. 114–26.

VOLUME III

Part 6: Professionalism and Occupation

44. A. M. Carr-Saunders and P. A. Wilson, ‘Journalists’, The Professions (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1933), pp. 265–70.

45. Philip Elliott, ‘Professional Ideology and Organizational Change: The Journalist Since 1800’, in G. Boyce, J. Curran, and P. Wingate (eds.), Newspaper History: From the 17th Century to the Present Day (London: Constable, 1978), pp. 172–91.

46. Jeremy Tunstall, ‘Journalism as an Occupation’, The Medico-Legal Journal, 3, 1973, pp. 87–101.

47. John Henningham, ‘Journalists and Professionalisation’, Australian Journalism Review, July 1979, pp. 15–20.

48. John Soloski, ‘News Reporting and Professionalism: Some Constraints on the Reporting of News’, Media, Culture and Society, 11(4), 1989, pp. 204–28.

49. Liesbet van Zoonen, ‘A Professional, Unreliable, Heroic Marionette (M/F Structure, Agency and Subjectivity in Contemporary Journalisms’, European Journal of Cultural Studies, 1(1), 1998, pp. 123–43.

50. Meryl Aldridge and Julia Evetts, ‘Rethinking the Concept of Professionalism: The Case of Journalism’, British Journal of Sociology, 54(4), 2003, pp. 547–64.

51. Wolfgang Donsbach and Thomas Patterson, ‘Political News Journalists: Partisanship, Professionalism and Political Roles in Five Countries’, in F. Esser and B. Pfetsch (eds.), Comparing Political Communication: Theories, Cases, and Challenges (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), pp. 251–70.

Part 7: Education

52. Stuart. G. Adam, ‘The Education of Journalists’, Journalism, 2(3), 2001, pp. 315–39.

53. Jim W. Carey, ‘Some Personal Notes on US Journalism Education’, Journalism, 1(1), 2000, pp. 12–23.

54. S. Reese and J. Cohen, ‘Education for Journalism: The Profession of Scholarship’, Journalism Studies, 1(2), 2000, pp. 213–28.

55. Colin Sparks and Slavko Splichal, ‘Journalistic Education and Professional Socialisation’, Gazette, 43(1), 1989, pp. 31–52.

56. Mark Deuze, ‘Global Journalism Education’, Journalism Studies, 7(1), 2006, pp 19–34.

Part 8: Ethics and Objectivity

57. Clifford Christians, ‘The Problem of Universals in Communication Ethics’, Javnost: The Public, 2(2), 1995, pp. 59–69.

58. Kenneth Starck, ‘What’s Right/Wrong with Journalism Ethics Research?’, Journalism Studies, 2(1), 2001, pp. 133–50.

59. Kaarle Nordenstreng, ‘Professional Ethics: Between Fortress Journalism and Cosmopolitan Democracy’, in K. Brants, J. Hermes, and L. Van Zoonen (eds.), The Media in Question: Popular Cultures and Public Interests (London: Sage, 2002), pp. 124–34.

60. Kai Hafez, ‘Journalism Ethics Revisited: A Comparison of Ethics Codes in Europe, North Africa, the Middle East, and Muslim Asia’, Political Communication, 19(2), 2002, pp. 225–50.

61. Michael Schudson, ‘The Rise of the Objectivity Norm in American Journalism’, Journalism, 2(2), 2001, pp. 149–70.

62. Gaye Tuchman, ‘Objectivity as Strategic Ritual: An Examination of Newsmen’s Notions of Objectivity’, American Journal of Sociology, 77(4), 1972, pp. 660–79.

63. Chris Atton, ‘Ethical Issues in Alternative Journalism’, in R. Keeble (ed.), Communication Ethics Today (Leicester: Troubadour, 2005), pp. 15–27.

64. Theodore Glasser and Jim Ettema, ‘Investigative Journalism and the Moral Order’, Critical Studies in Mass Communication, 6(1), 1989, pp. 1–20.

VOLUME IV

Part 9: Global News and Global Journalism

65. James Curran and Myung-Jin Park, ‘Beyond Globalisation Theory’, in J. Curran and M. Park (eds.), De-westernizing Media Studies (London: Routledge, 2000), pp. 3–18.

66. Oliver Boyd-Barrett, ‘"Global" News Agencies’, in O. Boyd-Barrett and T. Rantanen (eds.),The Globalization of News (London: Sage, 1998), pp. 19–34.

67. Ingrid Volkmer, ‘CNN: The Global News Reader’, News in the Global Sphere. A Study of CNN and its Impact on Global Communication (Luton: University of Luton Press, 1999), pp. 127–42, 160–8.

68. Mohammed el-Nawawy and Adel Iskandar, ‘A Major League Channel in a Minor League Country’, Al-Jazeera (Boulder, Col.: Westview Press, 2002), pp. 21–44.

69. Michael Griffin, ‘Picturing America’s "War on Terrorism" in Afghanistan and Iraq’, Journalism, 5(4), 2004, pp. 381–402.

70. Josephi Beate, ‘Journalism in the Global Age: Between Normative and Empirical’, Gazette, 67, 6, 2005, pp. 575–90.

71. Steve D. Reese, ‘Understanding the Global Journalist: A Hierarchy of Influences Approach’, Journalism Studies, 2(2), 2001, pp. 173–87.

72. David Weaver, ‘Journalists: International Profiles’, in A. S. de Beer and J. C. Merrill (eds.), Global Journalism: Topical Issues and Media Systems, 4th edn. (Allyn and Bacon, 2003).

73. John Hamilton, ‘Redefining Foreign Correspondence’, Journalism, 5(3), 2004, pp. 301–21.

74. Silvio Waisbord, ‘Watchdog Journalism in a Historical Perspective’, Watchdog Journalism in South America (New York: Columbia University Press, 2000), pp. 3–32.

75. Zhongdan Pan and Joseph M. Chan, ‘Shifting Journalistic Paradigms: How China’s Journalists Assess "Media exemplars"’, Communication Research, 30(6), 2003, pp. 649–82.

76. Svetlana Pasti, ‘Two Generations of Contemporary Russian Journalists’, European Journal of Communication, 20(1), 2005, pp. 89–115.

77. Hussein Amin, ‘Freedom as a Value in Arab Media: Perception and Attitudes Among Journalists’, Political Communication, 19(2), 2002, pp. 25–35

78. Keyan Tomaselli, ‘"Our Culture" vs. "Foreign Culture": An Essay on Ontological and Professional Issues in African Journalism’, Gazette, 65(6), 2003, pp. 427–41.

Part 10: Journalism and its Futures

79. John Pavlik, ‘New Media and News: Implications for the Future of Journalism’, New Media and Society, 1(1), 1999, pp. 54–9.

80. Peter Dahlgren, ‘Media Logic in Cyberspace Repositioning Journalism and its Publics’, Javnost/The Public, 3(3), 1996, pp. 59–72.

81. Howard Tumber, ‘Democracy in the Information Age: The Role of the Fourth Estate in Cyberspace’, Information, Communication and Society, 4(1), 2001, pp. 95–112.

82. Lance Bennett and Steven Livingston (2003) ‘Gatekeeping, Indexing, and Live-Event News: Is Technology Altering the Construction of News?’, Political Communication, 20(4), pp. 363–80.

83. Jo Bardoel, ‘Beyond Journalism: A Profession between Information Society and Civil Society’, European Journal of Communication, 11(3), 1996, pp. 283–302.

84. Mark Deuze, ‘What is Multimedia Journalism?’, Journalism Studies, 5(2), 2004, pp. 139–52.

85. Jane Singer, ‘Who Are These Guys? The Online Challenge to the Notion of Journalistic Professionalism’, Journalism, 4(2), 2003, pp. 139–64.

About the Author

Professor Howard Tumber is Dean of the School of Arts at City University, London and Director of Research in the Department of Journalism. He is the author/editor of eight books and a founder and co-editor of the journal: Journalism - Theory Practice and Criticism. He has published widely on news and journalism.